Here's the list of the 53 updates installed by Windows Update. Please also note the 3 hotfixes mentioned in the online installation documentation (and an earlier reply) that should also be installed.
Security Update for Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1 on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 for x64-based Systems (KB2656356)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2690533)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2584146)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2570947)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2658846)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2685939)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2667402)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2698365)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2425227)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2511455)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2654428)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2655992)
Security Update for Internet Explorer 8 for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2544521)
Cumulative Security Update for Internet Explorer 8 for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2699988)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2536275)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2643719)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2688338)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2506014)
Cumulative Security Update for ActiveX Killbits for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2618451)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2645640)
Security Update for Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1 on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 for x64-based Systems (KB2686831)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2560656)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2718704)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2653956)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2659262)
Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool x64 - July 2012 (KB890830)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2709715)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2507618)
Security Update for Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1 on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 for x64-based Systems (KB2604115)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2691442)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2621440)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2510531)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2533552)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2509553)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2631813)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2536276)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2506212)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2633952)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2620712)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2676562)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2677070)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2718523)
Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2552343)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2567680)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2564958)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2620704)
Security Update for Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1 on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 for x64-based Systems (KB2656411)
Security Update for Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1 on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 for x64-based Systems (KB2656373)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2585542)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2719985)
Security Update for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2644615)
Update Rollup for ActiveX Killbits for Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition (KB2695962)
Update for Windows (KB974405)
Update for Windows (KB2506143)
I'm not sure which of these updates did the trick for search, but one or more of them seem to be necessary.
Paul Stork SharePoint Server
MVP Senior Solutions Architect: BlueChip Consulting Group
Blog: http://dontpapanic.com/blog
Twitter: Follow @pstork
Please remember to mark your question as "answered" if this solves your problem.